DRAGON LINKS
Links to Items of Further Interest
a) The following links describe the geography of my city, province
(the Afghan Province within Pakistan), and historic locations such as
the Khyber Pass (immortalised by Rudyard Kipling in English literature):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pass
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar
b) These links describe the initial ancient history of the Afghan area - when it was first settled by the Aryans....in those days it was known as "Ariana" or Land of the Aryans. It thereafter became part of the first great Persian empire of antiquity - which was destroyed by Alexander the Great. This was prior to the arrival of the Scythians:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryana
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire
c) The links that follow are assorted bits of information on the Turkic Xiongnu, Tocharian and Hunnish peoples, which played such a central role in late Pashtun history as well as that of Northern India - and were the last major influence that shaped their ethnicity.
Of particular interest is the Kabul Shahi dynasty - a dynasty of White Huns who converted to Hinduism, and ruled Afghanistan and Northern India for 500 years..... from the time that Scythian power fell to the Huns, right upto the advent of the Islamic era - which still continues. It was during this Kabul Shahi era that Hepthalite/White Hun influences were consolidated in Pashtun culture and ethnicity. As their name suggests, they were based in Kabul, which is also the present Afghan capital, as it was 1500 years ago:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xionites
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huna_%28people%29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukhara
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_Shahi
e) Islam first arrived in this area about 1000 years ago when the last remnants of the Kabul Shahis were toppled by the Muslim Seljuk Turk Ghaznavid dynasty.....but it only really began taking root here about 800 years ago under the Iranian-Turkic Ghorid dynasty. Links about both are given below; the Muslim era of the area's history still continues.....
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurids
f) Lastly, the two links below serve to give you a wider informal, yet intrinsically important perspective of how this area is and has been viewed by its own peoples..... and its integration into the greater Central Asian and Eurasian Persian-Turkic continuity and contiguity that has dominated the area since time immemorial......but both of which fused, together with Islamic influences - during the past 1000 years to form what we now see as the Central Asian/Persian-Turkic milieu....therefore the area was variously known by the Persian name Khorasan ("Land of the Rising Sun"), and Turkestan (or Land of the Turks) - the latter being its name right uptil the time that the Soviets under Stalin divided it up into the five former Soviet republics we now see: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. In old times, the races of this area were predominantly Turkic, while the language and culture was Persian. Of course, the use of these terms was widely applied, and ebbed and flowed, but the definition Khorasan included Afghanistan as well, whereas significant parts of Turkestan were also included in the territory of the Afghan kingdom till as late as 1885. Even modern Persia, Iran we now know it, is only Persian insofar as its culture and language go....but it has really been over ruled by Turks - most of these being Turkmen - for the greater part of the last 1000 years till the present. So both these terms are, confusingly interchangeable - yet both stand alone as distinct labels too:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan
FIND MORE VIDEOS ON PASHTUN CULTURE HERE ON THE SUBHEADING PAGE >
http://drakenberg.weebly.com/videos-pashtun.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pass
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar
b) These links describe the initial ancient history of the Afghan area - when it was first settled by the Aryans....in those days it was known as "Ariana" or Land of the Aryans. It thereafter became part of the first great Persian empire of antiquity - which was destroyed by Alexander the Great. This was prior to the arrival of the Scythians:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryana
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire
c) The links that follow are assorted bits of information on the Turkic Xiongnu, Tocharian and Hunnish peoples, which played such a central role in late Pashtun history as well as that of Northern India - and were the last major influence that shaped their ethnicity.
Of particular interest is the Kabul Shahi dynasty - a dynasty of White Huns who converted to Hinduism, and ruled Afghanistan and Northern India for 500 years..... from the time that Scythian power fell to the Huns, right upto the advent of the Islamic era - which still continues. It was during this Kabul Shahi era that Hepthalite/White Hun influences were consolidated in Pashtun culture and ethnicity. As their name suggests, they were based in Kabul, which is also the present Afghan capital, as it was 1500 years ago:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xionites
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huna_%28people%29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukhara
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_Shahi
e) Islam first arrived in this area about 1000 years ago when the last remnants of the Kabul Shahis were toppled by the Muslim Seljuk Turk Ghaznavid dynasty.....but it only really began taking root here about 800 years ago under the Iranian-Turkic Ghorid dynasty. Links about both are given below; the Muslim era of the area's history still continues.....
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurids
f) Lastly, the two links below serve to give you a wider informal, yet intrinsically important perspective of how this area is and has been viewed by its own peoples..... and its integration into the greater Central Asian and Eurasian Persian-Turkic continuity and contiguity that has dominated the area since time immemorial......but both of which fused, together with Islamic influences - during the past 1000 years to form what we now see as the Central Asian/Persian-Turkic milieu....therefore the area was variously known by the Persian name Khorasan ("Land of the Rising Sun"), and Turkestan (or Land of the Turks) - the latter being its name right uptil the time that the Soviets under Stalin divided it up into the five former Soviet republics we now see: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. In old times, the races of this area were predominantly Turkic, while the language and culture was Persian. Of course, the use of these terms was widely applied, and ebbed and flowed, but the definition Khorasan included Afghanistan as well, whereas significant parts of Turkestan were also included in the territory of the Afghan kingdom till as late as 1885. Even modern Persia, Iran we now know it, is only Persian insofar as its culture and language go....but it has really been over ruled by Turks - most of these being Turkmen - for the greater part of the last 1000 years till the present. So both these terms are, confusingly interchangeable - yet both stand alone as distinct labels too:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan
FIND MORE VIDEOS ON PASHTUN CULTURE HERE ON THE SUBHEADING PAGE >
http://drakenberg.weebly.com/videos-pashtun.html
KHORASAN
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan
Khorasan was originally inhabited by the ancient [[Indo-Iranians] who migrated from the north to the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex in around 2000 BC. The BMAC was a Bronze Age culture situated in the upper Amu Darya region of Khorasan. Airyanem Vaejah (Land of Aryans), which is mentioned in the Zoroastrian Avesta, is also believed by some scholars to be situated in the territories of Khorasan.
The Persian people appear to have been the first ethnic group to populate the region, but they began mixing with an increasing number of foreign invaders and as a result their proportionate number was reduced.[21] Significant immigrants such as Arabs from the west since the 7th century and Turkic peoples after the Turkic migration from the north in the Middle Ages settled in the region.
The land that used to be refered to as Khorasan in the past is inhabited by a multiethnic society today. The majority are Persians (including Tajiks and some Lurs) and the rest are Uzbeks, Turkmen, Hazaras, Aymāqs, Pashtuns, Baluch, Kurds, Arabs, and others.
Greater Khorasan or Ancient Khorasan (Persian: خراسان کهن یا خراسان بزرگ) (also written Khurasan) is a historical region spanning what are now northeastern Iran, most of Afghanistan, and the southern parts of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.[1][2] The name "Khorasan" is derived from Middle Persian khor (meaning "sun") and asan (or ayan literally meaning "to come" or "coming"), hence meaning "land where the sun rises".[3] The Persian word Khāvar-zamīn (Persian: خاور زمین), meaning "the eastern land", has also been used as an equivalent term.[4]
Khorasan in its proper sense comprised principally the cities of Nishapur and Tus (now in Iran), Balkh and Herat (now in Afghanistan), Merv (now in Turkmenistan), and Samarqand and Bukhara (now in Uzbekistan). However, the name has been used in the past to cover a larger region that encompassed most of Transoxiana and Soghdiana[5] in the north, extended westward to the Caspian Sea, southward to include the Sistan desert and eastward to the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan.[4] Arab geographers even spoke of its extending to the boundaries of ancient India,[1] possibly as far as the Indus valley, in what is now Pakistan.[2] Sources from the 14th to the 16th century report that Kandahar, Ghazni and Kabul in Afghanistan formed the frontier region between Khorasan and Hindustan.[6][7]
In the Islamic period, Persian Iraq and Khorasan were the two important territories. The boundary between these two was the region surrounding the cities of Gurgan and Damghan.[4] In particular, the Ghaznavids, Seljuqs and Timurids divided their empires into Iraqi and Khorasani regions. The adjective Greater is added these days to distinguish the historical region from the Khorasan province of Iran, which roughly encompasses the western half of the historical Khorasan.[8] It is also used to indicate that ancient Khorasan encompassed a loose collection of territories individually known by other popular names, such as Bactria, Khwarezmia, Sogdiana, Transoxiana, and Sistan or Arachosia.
Before the region was conquered by Alexander the Great in 330 BC, it was part of the Achaemenid Empire and prior to that it was occupied by the Medes. The region that became known as Khorasan was called Ariana at that time, which made up part of Greater Iran or the land where Zoroastrianism was the dominant religion. The southeastern region of Ariana fell to the Kushan Empire in the 1st century AD. The Kushan rulers introduced Buddhism in the Hindu Kush and nearby areas, in what is now Afghanistan. Numerous Buddhist temples and buried cities have been found in Afghanistan.[12][13] However, the region of Ariana (or Khorasan) remained predominantly Zoroastrian. One of the three great fire-temples of the Sassanids "Azar-burzin Mehr" is situated near Sabzevar in Iran. The boundary of the region began changing until the Kushans and Sassanids merged together to form the Kushano-Sassanian civilization.
During the Sassanid era, the Persian Empire was divided into four quarters, Khvarvaran in the west, Bakhtar in the north, Nīmrūz in the south and Khorasan in the east next to Sind or Hind. Khorasan in the east saw some conflict with the Hephthalites who became the new rulers in the area but the borders remained stable. Being the eastern parts of the Sassanids and further away from Arabia, Khorasan quarter was conquered after the remaining Persia. The last Sassanid king of Persia, Yazdgerd III, moved the throne to Khorasan following the Arab invasion in the western parts of the empire. After the assassination of the king, Khorasan was conquered by Muslim troops in 647 AD. Like other provinces of Persia it became one of the provinces of Umayad dynasty.
The village of Meyamei in 1909. The first movement against the Arab invasions was led by Abu Muslim Khorasani between 747 and 750. He helped the Abbasids come to power but was later killed by Al-Mansur, an Abbasid Caliph. The first independent kingdom from Arab rule was established in Khorasan by Tahir Phoshanji in 821, but it seems that it was more a matter of political and territorial gain. In fact Tahir had helped the Caliph subdue other nationalistic movements in other parts of Persia such as Maziar's movement in Tabaristan.
Other major independent dynasties in Khorasan were the Saffarids (861-1003,) Samanids (875-999), Ghaznavids (963-1167), Seljukids (1037–1194), Khwarezmids (1077–1231), Ghurids (1149–1212) and Timurids (1370–1506). It should be mentioned that some of these dynasties were not Persian by ethnicity, nonetheless they were the advocates of Persian language and were praised by the poets as the kings of Iran.
Among them, the periods of the Ghaznavids of Ghazni and Timurids of Herat are considered as the most brilliant eras of Khorasan's history. During these periods, there was a great cultural awakening. Many famous Persian poets, scientists and scholars lived in this period. Numerous valuable works in Persian literature were written. Nishapur, Herat, Ghazni and Merv were the centers of all these cultural developments.
From the 16th century to the early 18th century, Khorasan was ruled by the Shia Safavid dynasty while the region to the east by the Sunni Khanate of Bukhara and the southeast by the Sunni Mughul Empire.[14] It was conquered in 1717, along with the rest of Persia, by the Ghilzai Afghans from Kandahar and became part of the Hotaki dynasty.[15][16] Following the assassination of Nader Shah Afshar in 1747, Khorasan was annexed with the Durrani Empire or modern-day Afghanistan.[17] In the early 19th century, much of Khorasan's western territory fell to the Qajar dynasty of Persia and remained as Iranian territory until modern day. Some of its northern areas were left under the Tsardom of Russia or later the Soviet Union.
Scientists: Abu Ma'shar · Abu Wafa · Abu Zayd Balkhi · Alfraganus · Ali Qushji · Avicenna · Birjandi · Biruni · Hāsib Marwazī · Ibn Hayyān · Khāzin · Khāzinī · Khujandi · Khwarizmi · Nasawi · Nasir al-Din Tusi · Omar Khayyám · Sharaf al-Din Tusi · Sijzi Philosophers: Algazel · Amiri · Avicenna · Farabi · Nasir Khusraw · Qushayri · Sejestani · Shahrastani Islamic Scholars: Abu Dawood · Abu Hanifa · Ahmad ibn Hanbal · Ansari · Baghavi · Bayhaqi · Bukhari · Ghazali · Hākim Nishapuri · Juwayni · Malik ibn Dinar · Maturidi · Muslim · Nasa'i · Qushayri · Razi · Shaykh Tusi · Taftazani · Tirmizi · Zamakhshari Poets & Artists: Abu al-Khair · Attar · Behzad · Daqiqi · Ferdowsi · Jami · Rabi'a Balkhi · Rudaki · Rumi · Sanā'ī Historians & Political figures: Abul-Fazl Bayhaqi · Abu Muslim Khorasani · Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī · Ali Sher Nava'i · Ata al-Mulk Juvayni · Aufi · Bal'ami · Gawhar Shad · Ibn Khordadbeh · Khalid ibn Barmak · Nizam al-Mulk · Tahir Foshanji · Yahya Barmaki
Khorasan was originally inhabited by the ancient [[Indo-Iranians] who migrated from the north to the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex in around 2000 BC. The BMAC was a Bronze Age culture situated in the upper Amu Darya region of Khorasan. Airyanem Vaejah (Land of Aryans), which is mentioned in the Zoroastrian Avesta, is also believed by some scholars to be situated in the territories of Khorasan.
The Persian people appear to have been the first ethnic group to populate the region, but they began mixing with an increasing number of foreign invaders and as a result their proportionate number was reduced.[21] Significant immigrants such as Arabs from the west since the 7th century and Turkic peoples after the Turkic migration from the north in the Middle Ages settled in the region.
The land that used to be refered to as Khorasan in the past is inhabited by a multiethnic society today. The majority are Persians (including Tajiks and some Lurs) and the rest are Uzbeks, Turkmen, Hazaras, Aymāqs, Pashtuns, Baluch, Kurds, Arabs, and others.
Greater Khorasan or Ancient Khorasan (Persian: خراسان کهن یا خراسان بزرگ) (also written Khurasan) is a historical region spanning what are now northeastern Iran, most of Afghanistan, and the southern parts of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.[1][2] The name "Khorasan" is derived from Middle Persian khor (meaning "sun") and asan (or ayan literally meaning "to come" or "coming"), hence meaning "land where the sun rises".[3] The Persian word Khāvar-zamīn (Persian: خاور زمین), meaning "the eastern land", has also been used as an equivalent term.[4]
Khorasan in its proper sense comprised principally the cities of Nishapur and Tus (now in Iran), Balkh and Herat (now in Afghanistan), Merv (now in Turkmenistan), and Samarqand and Bukhara (now in Uzbekistan). However, the name has been used in the past to cover a larger region that encompassed most of Transoxiana and Soghdiana[5] in the north, extended westward to the Caspian Sea, southward to include the Sistan desert and eastward to the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan.[4] Arab geographers even spoke of its extending to the boundaries of ancient India,[1] possibly as far as the Indus valley, in what is now Pakistan.[2] Sources from the 14th to the 16th century report that Kandahar, Ghazni and Kabul in Afghanistan formed the frontier region between Khorasan and Hindustan.[6][7]
In the Islamic period, Persian Iraq and Khorasan were the two important territories. The boundary between these two was the region surrounding the cities of Gurgan and Damghan.[4] In particular, the Ghaznavids, Seljuqs and Timurids divided their empires into Iraqi and Khorasani regions. The adjective Greater is added these days to distinguish the historical region from the Khorasan province of Iran, which roughly encompasses the western half of the historical Khorasan.[8] It is also used to indicate that ancient Khorasan encompassed a loose collection of territories individually known by other popular names, such as Bactria, Khwarezmia, Sogdiana, Transoxiana, and Sistan or Arachosia.
Before the region was conquered by Alexander the Great in 330 BC, it was part of the Achaemenid Empire and prior to that it was occupied by the Medes. The region that became known as Khorasan was called Ariana at that time, which made up part of Greater Iran or the land where Zoroastrianism was the dominant religion. The southeastern region of Ariana fell to the Kushan Empire in the 1st century AD. The Kushan rulers introduced Buddhism in the Hindu Kush and nearby areas, in what is now Afghanistan. Numerous Buddhist temples and buried cities have been found in Afghanistan.[12][13] However, the region of Ariana (or Khorasan) remained predominantly Zoroastrian. One of the three great fire-temples of the Sassanids "Azar-burzin Mehr" is situated near Sabzevar in Iran. The boundary of the region began changing until the Kushans and Sassanids merged together to form the Kushano-Sassanian civilization.
During the Sassanid era, the Persian Empire was divided into four quarters, Khvarvaran in the west, Bakhtar in the north, Nīmrūz in the south and Khorasan in the east next to Sind or Hind. Khorasan in the east saw some conflict with the Hephthalites who became the new rulers in the area but the borders remained stable. Being the eastern parts of the Sassanids and further away from Arabia, Khorasan quarter was conquered after the remaining Persia. The last Sassanid king of Persia, Yazdgerd III, moved the throne to Khorasan following the Arab invasion in the western parts of the empire. After the assassination of the king, Khorasan was conquered by Muslim troops in 647 AD. Like other provinces of Persia it became one of the provinces of Umayad dynasty.
The village of Meyamei in 1909. The first movement against the Arab invasions was led by Abu Muslim Khorasani between 747 and 750. He helped the Abbasids come to power but was later killed by Al-Mansur, an Abbasid Caliph. The first independent kingdom from Arab rule was established in Khorasan by Tahir Phoshanji in 821, but it seems that it was more a matter of political and territorial gain. In fact Tahir had helped the Caliph subdue other nationalistic movements in other parts of Persia such as Maziar's movement in Tabaristan.
Other major independent dynasties in Khorasan were the Saffarids (861-1003,) Samanids (875-999), Ghaznavids (963-1167), Seljukids (1037–1194), Khwarezmids (1077–1231), Ghurids (1149–1212) and Timurids (1370–1506). It should be mentioned that some of these dynasties were not Persian by ethnicity, nonetheless they were the advocates of Persian language and were praised by the poets as the kings of Iran.
Among them, the periods of the Ghaznavids of Ghazni and Timurids of Herat are considered as the most brilliant eras of Khorasan's history. During these periods, there was a great cultural awakening. Many famous Persian poets, scientists and scholars lived in this period. Numerous valuable works in Persian literature were written. Nishapur, Herat, Ghazni and Merv were the centers of all these cultural developments.
From the 16th century to the early 18th century, Khorasan was ruled by the Shia Safavid dynasty while the region to the east by the Sunni Khanate of Bukhara and the southeast by the Sunni Mughul Empire.[14] It was conquered in 1717, along with the rest of Persia, by the Ghilzai Afghans from Kandahar and became part of the Hotaki dynasty.[15][16] Following the assassination of Nader Shah Afshar in 1747, Khorasan was annexed with the Durrani Empire or modern-day Afghanistan.[17] In the early 19th century, much of Khorasan's western territory fell to the Qajar dynasty of Persia and remained as Iranian territory until modern day. Some of its northern areas were left under the Tsardom of Russia or later the Soviet Union.
Scientists: Abu Ma'shar · Abu Wafa · Abu Zayd Balkhi · Alfraganus · Ali Qushji · Avicenna · Birjandi · Biruni · Hāsib Marwazī · Ibn Hayyān · Khāzin · Khāzinī · Khujandi · Khwarizmi · Nasawi · Nasir al-Din Tusi · Omar Khayyám · Sharaf al-Din Tusi · Sijzi Philosophers: Algazel · Amiri · Avicenna · Farabi · Nasir Khusraw · Qushayri · Sejestani · Shahrastani Islamic Scholars: Abu Dawood · Abu Hanifa · Ahmad ibn Hanbal · Ansari · Baghavi · Bayhaqi · Bukhari · Ghazali · Hākim Nishapuri · Juwayni · Malik ibn Dinar · Maturidi · Muslim · Nasa'i · Qushayri · Razi · Shaykh Tusi · Taftazani · Tirmizi · Zamakhshari Poets & Artists: Abu al-Khair · Attar · Behzad · Daqiqi · Ferdowsi · Jami · Rabi'a Balkhi · Rudaki · Rumi · Sanā'ī Historians & Political figures: Abul-Fazl Bayhaqi · Abu Muslim Khorasani · Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī · Ali Sher Nava'i · Ata al-Mulk Juvayni · Aufi · Bal'ami · Gawhar Shad · Ibn Khordadbeh · Khalid ibn Barmak · Nizam al-Mulk · Tahir Foshanji · Yahya Barmaki
Disambiguation
"Hazara" - disambiguation: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara
Hazara District, Northern Pakistan: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara,_Pakistan
The old Turkic principality that once flourished in Hazara District: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara-i-Karlugh
The Karlugh Turks and their history in Hazara District/Hazara-i-Karlugh: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlugh
The Mongoloid Hazara race of Southern Pakistan and Afghanistan: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara_people
Swat Valley
Field Marshal Sir Claude John Eyre Auchinleck, Commander in Chief of the British Indian Army, reviewing the Amb State Guard, escorted by Ali Asghar Khan and Subedar-Major Shah Zaman of the Amb State Guard, Darband, 1941.
Amb was known as Embolina during Greco-Bactrian rule two millennia ago, and was a princely state ruled by a Turco-Mongol family called Tanoli - and had a sizeable Karlugh Turk population; it contains several locations with Turkic related place names such as Tarnawa, Tarnawai, and Tanawal.....and Haplogroup Q1b has been detected here in the royal family of an earlier Turkic stock, namely the Swati-Jehangiris, who ruled the adjacent Swat principality from about 1009 AD to 1519 AD. This suggests an Ashina origin for the Swatis.....and they probably came here with the first Muslim Turks, the Seljuks, as their tradition states.
The later Karlugh arrivals in the area were in around c.1400 AD, with the Turkic conqueror and descendant of Genghis Khan,Tamerlane and his armies - and they gave this region its present name of Hazara. This occurred just after the great Khazar empire had been decimated first by the Mongols and then dispersed by the Bubonic Plague.
So, we may conclude that those Karlugh invasions could well have included Khazars too, who brought the Khazar place names to the area, as well as the murky yet strangely lingering tradition of Jewish origins for certain Pashtun tribes. They certainly came from the same areas. The name Hazara is derived from the Persian word "hazar", meaning one thousand, which was the number of soldiers in the basic legion or unit of Gengis Khan's Mongol armies; the term was later kept in use by all the diverse Turkic successors of the Mongols, among whom both Tamerlane and the later Tanolis figured, yet a full century lay between these two.
Amb was known as Embolina during Greco-Bactrian rule two millennia ago, and was a princely state ruled by a Turco-Mongol family called Tanoli - and had a sizeable Karlugh Turk population; it contains several locations with Turkic related place names such as Tarnawa, Tarnawai, and Tanawal.....and Haplogroup Q1b has been detected here in the royal family of an earlier Turkic stock, namely the Swati-Jehangiris, who ruled the adjacent Swat principality from about 1009 AD to 1519 AD. This suggests an Ashina origin for the Swatis.....and they probably came here with the first Muslim Turks, the Seljuks, as their tradition states.
The later Karlugh arrivals in the area were in around c.1400 AD, with the Turkic conqueror and descendant of Genghis Khan,Tamerlane and his armies - and they gave this region its present name of Hazara. This occurred just after the great Khazar empire had been decimated first by the Mongols and then dispersed by the Bubonic Plague.
So, we may conclude that those Karlugh invasions could well have included Khazars too, who brought the Khazar place names to the area, as well as the murky yet strangely lingering tradition of Jewish origins for certain Pashtun tribes. They certainly came from the same areas. The name Hazara is derived from the Persian word "hazar", meaning one thousand, which was the number of soldiers in the basic legion or unit of Gengis Khan's Mongol armies; the term was later kept in use by all the diverse Turkic successors of the Mongols, among whom both Tamerlane and the later Tanolis figured, yet a full century lay between these two.
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- Category:Iranian royalty
- {{India-royal-stub}}
- Category:Regents of India
- Category:Indian monarchs
- Category:Delhi Sultanate
- Category:Jat rulers
- Category:Maharajas of Rajasthan
- Category:Mughal emperors
- Category:Kings of Mysore
- Category:Nawabs of India
- Category:Nizams of Hyderabad
- Category:Qutb Shahi dynasty
- Category:Rajput chiefs
- Category:Ruling clans of India
- Category:Chandelas
- Category:Chalukyas
- Category:Cholas
- Category:Gupta dynasty
- Category:Kushan Empire
- Category:Mauryan dynasty
- Category:Mughal emperors
- Category:Muslim ruling clans of India
- Category:Nizams of Hyderabad
- Category:Kings of Mysore
- Category:Nizams of Hyderabad
- Category:Rajput clans
- Category:Ruling Hindu clans
- Category:Scindia dynasty of Gwalior
- Category:Sur Dynasty
- Category:Wodeyar dynasty of Mysore
- Category:Sur Dynasty
- Category:Tamil monarchs