ROYAL ASHINA
"Ashina" is derived from the Saka word for "Blue" which is "Asheen", since it referred to the Blue Turks, who were thus called because of the "Sky" [Tengri] connotation - as they were "Celestial" or holy, Turks......the word "Sheen/Shin" is still the Pashto word for blue.....so, the Ashina, it appears, have more than one Pashtun link. "shin/sheen = blue". Might this also be a source derivation for connoting "blue blood"?
There are many Tarnawa's in Central Asia, related but mostly not, namely North Pakistan and Afghanistan...plus Eastern Europe..all microlocations where we find Krupa de Tarnawa Turanid Siberian DNA haplogroup Q1b distribution...
There are many Tarnawa's in Central Asia, related but mostly not, namely North Pakistan and Afghanistan...plus Eastern Europe..all microlocations where we find Krupa de Tarnawa Turanid Siberian DNA haplogroup Q1b distribution...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashina
Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World,
http://books.google.com/books?id=8-OilJCX1moC&pg=PA147&lpg=PA147&dq=ashina+turks&source=bl&ots=PCVq0mTbwz&sig=7a4HRYKnK7n7v_R2ursCjxQRT9E&hl=en&ei=BxCVTZn3B-bdiAKh-JydCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CEwQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=ashina%20turks&f=false
http://books.google.com/books?id=8-OilJCX1moC&pg=PA147&lpg=PA147&dq=ashina+turks&source=bl&ots=PCVq0mTbwz&sig=7a4HRYKnK7n7v_R2ursCjxQRT9E&hl=en&ei=BxCVTZn3B-bdiAKh-JydCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CEwQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=ashina%20turks&f=false
XIONGNU EMPIRE AND HAPLOGROUP Q
(compilation from various Wikipedia articles)
A study of 2010 analysed six human remains of a nomadic group, excavated from Pengyang, Northern China.
The analyses revealed that these individuals were closely associated with the ancient Xiongnu and modern northern Asians. Single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis of Y chromosomes from four male samples that were typed as haplogroup Q indicated that these people had originated in Siberia. These results show that these ancient people from Pengyang present a close genetic affinity to nomadic people, indicating that northern nomads had reached the Central Plain area of China nearly 2500 years ago.
The Noin-Ula kurgans consist of more than 200 large burial mounds, approximately square in plan, some 2 m in height, covering timber burial chambers. They are located by the Selenga River in the hills of northern Mongolia north of Ulan Bator. They were excavated in 1924-1925 by Pyotr Kozlov, who found them to be the tombs of the aristocracy of the Xiongnu; one is an exceptionally rich burial of a historically-known ruler of the Xiongnu Uchjulü-Jodi-Chanuy, who died in 13 CE.
A surviving portrait shows a low nose bridge, eyes with epicanthic fold, long wavy hair, divided in the middle, and a
braid tied visibly and falling from the tip of the head over the right ear.
A skull analysis of Xiongnu burials made by G.F. Debets found a distinct Paleo-Siberian type of Asian facial
appearance with "not a flat, but with not strongly protruding nose," somewhat similar to some North American
Indians (haplogroup Q). This type is represented on the embroidery from Noin-Ula.
Portraits found in the Noin-Ula excavations demonstrate other cultural evidences and influences, showing that
Chinese and Xiongnu art have influenced each other mutually. Some of these embroidered portraits in the Noin-Ula
kurgans also depict the Xiongnu with long braided hair with wide ribbons, which are seen to be identical with the
Turkic Ashina clan hair-style, while a later famous portrait of Kul Tikin (Tegin), the Kaghan of Celestial Turks
from the Ashina Clan, shows typical haplogroup Q facial features (The “Gold (Kagan’s)" clan of the ancient Türkic
dynastic tribe Ashina (< Hot.-Sak. ashsheina “blue”,"dark blue”) was called Shar-Duly (< Middle Persian zarr duli
“Golden bird Duli”,"Golden/Red Raven”). In that clan was born prince Kül-Tegin..)
A research study of 2006 focused on Y-DNAs of the Egyin Gol site in Northern Mongolia (The Egyin Gol
necropolis, located in northern Mongolia in the region of Lake Baikal, is 2300 years old and belongs to the
Xiongnu culture) identified a Q haplogroup from the middle Xiongnu period.
Ashina belonged to the last Hun (Xiongnu) princedom until it was destroyed by Syanbies-Toba in 439 AC. From
Gansu, the Ashina retreated to Altai (Xinjiang) and brought with them a number of specific ethnographic traits.
* * *
Insignia of the Siberian Dragon Association is alleged flag of the Xiongnu Turkic Empire - ultimate point of origin of the Ashina Clan .
(compilation from various Wikipedia articles)
A study of 2010 analysed six human remains of a nomadic group, excavated from Pengyang, Northern China.
The analyses revealed that these individuals were closely associated with the ancient Xiongnu and modern northern Asians. Single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis of Y chromosomes from four male samples that were typed as haplogroup Q indicated that these people had originated in Siberia. These results show that these ancient people from Pengyang present a close genetic affinity to nomadic people, indicating that northern nomads had reached the Central Plain area of China nearly 2500 years ago.
The Noin-Ula kurgans consist of more than 200 large burial mounds, approximately square in plan, some 2 m in height, covering timber burial chambers. They are located by the Selenga River in the hills of northern Mongolia north of Ulan Bator. They were excavated in 1924-1925 by Pyotr Kozlov, who found them to be the tombs of the aristocracy of the Xiongnu; one is an exceptionally rich burial of a historically-known ruler of the Xiongnu Uchjulü-Jodi-Chanuy, who died in 13 CE.
A surviving portrait shows a low nose bridge, eyes with epicanthic fold, long wavy hair, divided in the middle, and a
braid tied visibly and falling from the tip of the head over the right ear.
A skull analysis of Xiongnu burials made by G.F. Debets found a distinct Paleo-Siberian type of Asian facial
appearance with "not a flat, but with not strongly protruding nose," somewhat similar to some North American
Indians (haplogroup Q). This type is represented on the embroidery from Noin-Ula.
Portraits found in the Noin-Ula excavations demonstrate other cultural evidences and influences, showing that
Chinese and Xiongnu art have influenced each other mutually. Some of these embroidered portraits in the Noin-Ula
kurgans also depict the Xiongnu with long braided hair with wide ribbons, which are seen to be identical with the
Turkic Ashina clan hair-style, while a later famous portrait of Kul Tikin (Tegin), the Kaghan of Celestial Turks
from the Ashina Clan, shows typical haplogroup Q facial features (The “Gold (Kagan’s)" clan of the ancient Türkic
dynastic tribe Ashina (< Hot.-Sak. ashsheina “blue”,"dark blue”) was called Shar-Duly (< Middle Persian zarr duli
“Golden bird Duli”,"Golden/Red Raven”). In that clan was born prince Kül-Tegin..)
A research study of 2006 focused on Y-DNAs of the Egyin Gol site in Northern Mongolia (The Egyin Gol
necropolis, located in northern Mongolia in the region of Lake Baikal, is 2300 years old and belongs to the
Xiongnu culture) identified a Q haplogroup from the middle Xiongnu period.
Ashina belonged to the last Hun (Xiongnu) princedom until it was destroyed by Syanbies-Toba in 439 AC. From
Gansu, the Ashina retreated to Altai (Xinjiang) and brought with them a number of specific ethnographic traits.
* * *
Insignia of the Siberian Dragon Association is alleged flag of the Xiongnu Turkic Empire - ultimate point of origin of the Ashina Clan .
Q1b
ASHINA / A-SHIH-NA / ASENA ROYALTY
(OF GOKTURKS AND KHAZARS) DNA -
Background Administrators
http://www.familytreedna.com/public/AshinaRoyalDynasty/default.aspx
Surnames - Abelman, Abrams, Adler, Agurto, Akhundzada, Albin, Al-Dabbas, Altshuler, Andalman, Anderson, any, Asena, Ashena, Ashin, Ashina, Ashini, Auslander, Backalenick, Bader, Baker, Baraban, Barkin, Bennet, Berkhor, Berkson, Bitterman, Black, Bloch, Blueglass, Bluglass, Blumenthal, Borisovich-Panich, Borrus, Boshes, Bouthillier, Brandt, Brenner, Brosgol, Broudy, Buharov, Burns, Calhoun, Carp, Carter, Catania, Chalick, Chervin, Cohen, Costinsky, Cronk, DeBow, Diamond, Dunn, Egrie, Epstein, Eve, Evenchick, Farkas, Fechheimer, Feigenbaum, Feist, Fink, Fogle, Frank, Frie, Friedman, Friehling, Gabor, Garber, Garlett, Geber, Gold, Goldberg, Golden, Goldfoot, Goldman, Goldsberg, Goldsmith-Levy, Gordon, Gotthold, Gronau, Gross, Gudeman, Haber, Hackin, Hakin, Hamilton, Harrison, Hart, Hassanwalia, Havens, Heiman, Henry, Herbst, Herwitz, Horwitz, Howard, Jacobs, Jaron, Jerochim, Joseph, Kab, Kamin, Kaplan, Karp, Keim, Khan, Kochman, Kotik, Kovalov, Krupa, Kurrass, Kushner, Lake, Leibman, Levy, Lewis, Lewkowski, Litke, Loebman, Maczali, Magid, Maran, Margolis, Mark, Marks, Marvin, Menon, Meyer, Michelson, Miliacca, Miller, Mink, Minkowsky, Morton, Mushinsky, Naviasky, Nemer, Neviaski, Nussbaum, Orlen, Orlin, Pakin, Palmer, Pasternak, Pelta, Perper, Phillips, Podolski, Poles, Porter, Powell, Principe, Reichbaum, Rich, Rosenberg, Rosenblet, Rosenstraus, Ross, Rothschild, Sacks, Saks, Samuel, Sandor-Richter, Schapiro, Schoemann, Schuster, Schweitzer, Secan, Shah, Shainis, Shakinovsky, Shalmuk, Shapiro, Shayer, Sheiness, Sherman, Shevin, Shultz, Siddiqui, Silber, Silver, Silvestre, Simons, Singer, Sinnreich, Siref, Smith, Sparber, Stein, Sundheim, Swati, Szajkowicz, Szajkowicz-Brojda, Szekely, Tarkoff, Teegardin, Thaler, Tober, Tobert, Trier, Troffkin, Tsiperson, Tufel, van den Briel, Weil, Weinberg, Werlin, Wieder, Winter, Wohl, Wolin, Yurovsky, Zavad, Zawadsky, Zeidman, Zelver, Zimbler, Zwick
(OF GOKTURKS AND KHAZARS) DNA -
Background Administrators
- Alfred Krupa de Tarnawa [email protected] , Group Administrator
- [email protected] , Group Administrator
- dschweitzer@neo,rr,com , Group Co-Administrator
http://www.familytreedna.com/public/AshinaRoyalDynasty/default.aspx
Surnames - Abelman, Abrams, Adler, Agurto, Akhundzada, Albin, Al-Dabbas, Altshuler, Andalman, Anderson, any, Asena, Ashena, Ashin, Ashina, Ashini, Auslander, Backalenick, Bader, Baker, Baraban, Barkin, Bennet, Berkhor, Berkson, Bitterman, Black, Bloch, Blueglass, Bluglass, Blumenthal, Borisovich-Panich, Borrus, Boshes, Bouthillier, Brandt, Brenner, Brosgol, Broudy, Buharov, Burns, Calhoun, Carp, Carter, Catania, Chalick, Chervin, Cohen, Costinsky, Cronk, DeBow, Diamond, Dunn, Egrie, Epstein, Eve, Evenchick, Farkas, Fechheimer, Feigenbaum, Feist, Fink, Fogle, Frank, Frie, Friedman, Friehling, Gabor, Garber, Garlett, Geber, Gold, Goldberg, Golden, Goldfoot, Goldman, Goldsberg, Goldsmith-Levy, Gordon, Gotthold, Gronau, Gross, Gudeman, Haber, Hackin, Hakin, Hamilton, Harrison, Hart, Hassanwalia, Havens, Heiman, Henry, Herbst, Herwitz, Horwitz, Howard, Jacobs, Jaron, Jerochim, Joseph, Kab, Kamin, Kaplan, Karp, Keim, Khan, Kochman, Kotik, Kovalov, Krupa, Kurrass, Kushner, Lake, Leibman, Levy, Lewis, Lewkowski, Litke, Loebman, Maczali, Magid, Maran, Margolis, Mark, Marks, Marvin, Menon, Meyer, Michelson, Miliacca, Miller, Mink, Minkowsky, Morton, Mushinsky, Naviasky, Nemer, Neviaski, Nussbaum, Orlen, Orlin, Pakin, Palmer, Pasternak, Pelta, Perper, Phillips, Podolski, Poles, Porter, Powell, Principe, Reichbaum, Rich, Rosenberg, Rosenblet, Rosenstraus, Ross, Rothschild, Sacks, Saks, Samuel, Sandor-Richter, Schapiro, Schoemann, Schuster, Schweitzer, Secan, Shah, Shainis, Shakinovsky, Shalmuk, Shapiro, Shayer, Sheiness, Sherman, Shevin, Shultz, Siddiqui, Silber, Silver, Silvestre, Simons, Singer, Sinnreich, Siref, Smith, Sparber, Stein, Sundheim, Swati, Szajkowicz, Szajkowicz-Brojda, Szekely, Tarkoff, Teegardin, Thaler, Tober, Tobert, Trier, Troffkin, Tsiperson, Tufel, van den Briel, Weil, Weinberg, Werlin, Wieder, Winter, Wohl, Wolin, Yurovsky, Zavad, Zawadsky, Zeidman, Zelver, Zimbler, Zwick
With the discovery of haplogroup Q among Ashkenazi Jews, DNA researchers may have found the “smoking gun” of Khazarian ancestry. (A MOSAIC OF PEOPLE: THE JEWISH STORY AND A REASSESSMENT OF THE DNA EVIDENCE ,Ellen Levy-Coffman) "..
I agree that it is likely that the presence of haplogroup Q among Ashkenazic Jews could come from descent from the Khazars". (Kevin Brook ,author of The Jews of Khazaria (Second Edition: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006) in open respond to D. Howard administrator of Ashkenazi-Q Yahoo group) "The population geneticist Nathaniel Michael Pearson worked with the Human Genome Project a few years ago and helped to collect DNA samples from North Caucasians, Turks, Sino-Tibetans, and other groups. Pearson is of Ukrainian Jewish background and compared his paternal Y-chromosome sample to those of men from other groups. His DNA matched with an Uzbekistani Uzbek, an Uzbekistani Tajik, and two men from New Delhi in northern India. Pearson believes that the Central Asian haplotype he has could be connected to the Khazar Turks. However, he told me that this haplotype "appears at only a couple percent frequency in a large Ashkenazi sample (and strangely shows a slightly higher, but still very low, frequency among Moroccan Jews)". In other words, this particular possibly-Khazar ancestral strain represents a minority rather than a majority of Eastern European Jews." (From http://www.khazaria.com/khazar-diaspora.html (by Kevin A.Brook))
A study published in 2004 by Stephen L. Zegura states that "The mutational age of Q-P36*, the marker defining the entire Q lineage, is 17,700 ± 4,820 years BP", and that its original source is the region of the Altay Mountains near the borders of Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and China (Zegura 2004, pp. 164-175). Haplogroup Q has been found in approximately 4% of Southern Altaians and 32% of Northern Altaians,16% of Tuvans, and 3% of Uyghurs,all of which are Turkic peoples inhabiting parts of Central Asia and southern Siberia.
Haplogroup Q is found in approximately 3% of males in Tibet and Mongolia./http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_Q_(Y-DNA/ Q1b (M378) found in 5% of Ashkenazi Jews Found at low frequency among samples of Hazara, Sindhis. ("Sengupta2006"-Sanghamitra Sengupta, Lev A. Zhivotovsky, Roy King, S.Q. Mehdi, Christopher A. Edmonds, Cheryl-Emiliane T. Chow, Alice A. Lin, Mitashree Mitra, Samir K. Sil, A. Ramesh, M.V. Usha Rani, Chitra M. Thakur, L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Partha P. Majumder, and Peter A. Underhill, "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists," ''The American Journal of Human Genetics'', Volume 78, Issue 2, 202-221, 1 February 2006.)
There is a rough correlation between the Turkic-speaking peoples of Central Eurasia and Q. /http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_Q_(Y-DNA/ The Ashina Royal Dynasty (CLAN) also originated from the Altai Mountain region; "...Two stages can be isolated within the history of origin of the Old Turks reconstructed on the base of the Old Turkic ethnogenealogical legends. The first one is attributed to the time span lasted up to the middle of the 5 century when tribes of Gorny and Mongolian Altai merged in the tribal alliance headed by Nadulushud. By "common consent" he was called Turk ('strong', 'robust').The second stage began in the middle of the 5 century when "500 FAMILIES" OF THE ASHINA CLAN headed by Asyanshud were moved by the Rurans from Gaochang to the southern part of the Altai. Here the migrants joined the ranks of the Turk tribal unit. Probably it was a peaceful migration of the Ashina clan being cognate in language (though L.N. Gumilev considered them to be Mongolian speaking) and similar in the type of economic activity (nomadic cattlebreading)to aborigines of the Altai. This is proved by the fact that the Ashina "500 families" also assumed the name of Turks." (S.P.Nesterov,The Old Turks in Central Asia and Southern Siberia) Khan (sometimes spelled as Xan, Han, Ke-Han, Turkic: khan, Mongolian: qaan) is an originally Central Asian title for a sovereign or military ruler, first used by medieval Altaic-speaking nomadic tribes living to the north of China.
Originally just the title for a tribal leader in the Rouran confederation, it was subsequently adopted by the Göktürks before later Turkic peoples and the Mongols brought it to the rest of Asia. It now has many equivalent meanings such as commander, leader, or ruler. (source; Wikipedia article about Khan title) Khagan or Great Khan (Old Turkic kaɣan ; Mongolian: хаган; Chinese: 可汗; pinyin: kèhán; alternatively spelled Chagan, Khaghan, Kagan, Kağan, Qagan, Qaghan), is a title of imperial rank in the Turkic and Mongolian languages equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a Khaganate (empire, greater than an ordinary Khanate, but often referred to as such in western languages). It may also be translated as Khan of Khans, equivalent to King of Kings.(source; Wikipedia article about Khagan title)
Bey is a Turkish title for "chieftain," traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. In historical accounts, many Turkish, other Turkic and Persian leaders are titled Bey, Beg, Bek, Bay, Baig or Beigh. They are all the same word with the simple meaning of "lord." The regions or provinces where Beys (the equivalent of duke in Europe) ruled or which they administered were called Beylik, roughly meaning "emirate" or "principality" in the first case, "province" or "governorate" in the second (the equivalent of duchy in Europe). Today, the word is used as a social title for men (like the English word "mister").(source; Wikipedia article about BEG title)
The R1a (R1a1) lineage is believed to have originated in the Eurasian Steppes north of the Black & Caspian Seas. This lineage is thought to descend from a population of the Kurgan culture, known for the domestication of the horse (circa 3000 B.C.E.).
These people were also believed to be the first speakers of the Indo-European language group. This lineage is found in central & western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations of Europe.Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype. Hypotetic origin of Ashina aristocracy; The origins of the Huns that swept through Europe during the 4th Century remain unclear. However, mainstream historians consider them as a group of nomadic tribes from Central Asia probably ruled by "a Turkic-speaking aristocracy". /http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadic_empires / "Ashina -- the Royal clan of the Blue Turks (and possibly earlier the Huns) and later of the Khazars..."/Norman J. Finkelshteyn/
Ashina aristocracy origin from historical records; Between the years 265 and 460 the Ashina had been part of various late Xiongnu confederations. About 460 they were subjugated by the Rouran, who ousted them from Xinjiang into the Altay Mountains, where the Ashina gradually emerged as the leaders of the early Turkic confederation, known as the Gokturks. By the 550s, Bumin Khan felt strong enough to throw off the yoke of the Rouran domination and established the Gokturks Empire, which flourished until the 630s and from 680s until 740s. The Orkhon Valley in Mongolia was the centre of the Ashina power. On basis of Chinese records, we could tell that Ashina Turks were acting more as a noble or royal line which played the role of a political entity unifying various Turkic speaking tribes. (http://www.republicanchina.org/Turks.html)
The Ashina Royal Dynasty was also known as "desert aristocracy" and it was ruling class of a number of central Asian empires, and eventually it became the ruling class (nobility) and khagans (emperors) of the Khazarian Khaganate in the early middle age (in year 656, after the collapse of the Gokturk Empire under pressure from the resurgent Uyghurs, branches of the Ashina clan moved westward to Europe, where they became the Kaghans of the Khazars/-after the collapse of the Gokturk empire, branches of the Ashina clan seized control of the Khazars and possibly other nomadic peoples). KHAZARS, a national group of general Turkic type, independent and sovereign in Eastern Europe between the seventh and tenth centuries C.E. During part of this time the leading Khazars professed Judaism. The name is frequently pronounced with an a-vowel, as in the Greek Χάξαροι and Arabic Khazar (Ḥazar), but there are traces of a different pronunciation in Hebrew (Kuzari, pl. Kuzarim), Greek (Χότξιροι), and Chinese (Kʿo-sa). The name has been explained as having derived from Turkish qazmak ("to wander," "nomadize (?)"), or from quz ("side of mountain exposed to the north"). The latter etymology would account for the o/u-vowel in some forms of the name, for which no satisfactory explanation has been given. (http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0012_0_11089.html) “Khazars (Chazars; Hazars). Turkish or Finnish tribe which settled in the lower Volga region.From the 8th to the 10th centuries the Khazar state extended westward as far as Kiev.In the 8th century a Judaizing movement manifested itself among the the people their king, Bulan, and thousands of nobles converted to Judaism.The central theme of Judah ha-Levi's Kuzari is the legendary disputation which resulted in this conversion.Chasdai ibn Shaprut believed that the Khazars were one of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel; according to tradition, he entered into correspondence with their king, Joseph, in the 10th century” (The Blackwell Dictionary of Judaica, p.290; c1992, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, England). "Although basically Turkic, the Khazar state bore little resemblance to the other Turkic empires of central Eurasia. It was headed by a secluded supreme ruler of semireligious character called a khagan—who wielded little real power—and by tribal chieftains, EACH KNOWN AS A BEG."(Encyclopedia Britannica) According to The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia the ruling class of the Khazarian Empire - sacred Khagan Bulan and 4000 OF HIS NOBLES (PRINCESS OR BEGS OF THE ASHINA CLAN), from ancient "Turkish" shamanism converted to Judaism in the 8th century. While the kingdom and ruling class were officially Jewish, the Khazars did not adopt forced conversion. "The Khazars originated from the distant East, from the border areas of China. In the seventh century, they were swept by the Great Migrations to the mouth of the River Volga and the shores of the Caspian Sea. Here the Khazars conquered Onogur and Bulgar-Turkic tribes who spoke another Turkic dialect. In the seventh and eighth centuries, this new empire halted Arab expansionism, established contact with Byzantium, and became a decisive force between the Caspian Sea and the River Don up to the middle of the tenth century. Land cultivation, animal husbandry and handicrafts flourished in the empire. Merchants traded not only with Byzantium, but also with the Arab-Persian world and the distant East. The kagans did not prohibit the activities of Christian and Moslem missionaries. Both religions maintained places or worship and schools on Khazar land. Out of political considerations, however, the kagans and their retinues embraced a third great monotheist religion, Judaism. This was to avoid pressure on them from the Byzantine Empire and the various Arab emirates. The peoples of the Khazar Khanate had a more advanced way of life than those of the Central Asian Turkic tribes, whose chief occupation was nomadic animal husbandry. The level of its agriculture and handicrafts industry matched contemporary European standards. In terms of commercial development it even exceeded them. However, the empire was a loosely organized entity, with the fluctuating numbers of subjugated peoples rather than fixed boundaries determining its size. The Magyar tribal alliance constituted one such subjugated people."- György Balázs, The Magyars. Budapest: Corvina, 1989 According to the scholar Robert M. Seltzer, “The Judaism of the Khazars has been much discussed but the historical evidence is very limited. Only the ruling class of the Khazars became Jews...” Raphael Patai states: “For more than two centuries Judaism was the religion of the ruling class while other religions, notably Islam, but also Christianity, were extensively practiced among the people.” Abba Eban has written: “...the rulers of the Khazars apparently converted to Judaism at the end of the eighth century, although the majority of the population appears to have remained either Christian or Moslem.” "In 1016 the descendants of the Jewish royal family fled to their coreligionists in Spain. Many of the Jewish Khazars, however, continued to live in the Crimea.... But the majority of the early Khazar proselytes were scattered over the neighboring countries, introducing Jewish ideals among their Christian neighbors..." - Jacob S. Raisin, in Gentile Reactions to Jewish Ideals (New York, NY: Philosophical Library, 1953), page 691. Stephen Lowe stated;"It appears from contemporary accounts, particularly from Arab sources, that the conversion to Judaism was largely confined to the ruling class – the Khaqan and his immediate côterie. They showed a level of religious toleration unusual in a mediaeval society – there seems to have been no effort at forcible conversion. The Khazar population included many Christians, Muslims, and pagans in their ranks, and the major cities contained churches and mosques." "In this city (Khazaran-Itil) are Muslims, Christians, Jews and pagans. The Jews are the king, his attendants and the Khazars of his kind. (footnote: 'i.e., presumably THE RULING TRIBE of ‘White Khazars’).'" (Koestler, pp. 15,60)
"According to Ibn Fadlan, Ibn Dastah, and others, ONLY THE KING AND THE GRANDEES WERE FOLLOWERS OF JUDAISM. The rest of the Khazars were Christians, Mohammedans, and heathens; and THE JEWS WERE IN A GREAT MINORITY." (Jewish Encyclopedia) "The conversion of the LEADING KHAZARS to Judaism perhaps took place toward 740 C.E." (Jewish Encyclopedia) "The most striking characteristic of the Khazars was the apparent adoption of Judaism BY THE KHAGAN AND THE GREATER PART OF THE RULING CLASS in about 740.The circumstances of the conversion remain obscure, the depth of their adoption of Judaism difficult to assess; but the fact itself is undisputed and UNPARALLELED in central EURASIAN HISTORY.
A few scholars have even asserted that the Judaized Khazars were the remote ancestors of many eastern European and Russian Jews. Whatever the case may be, religious tolerance was practiced in the Khazar empire, and paganism continued to flourish among the population." (Encyclopedia Britannica) "In the town (Atil, the capital of Khazaria) are people of the Muslims, more than 10,000, it is said. They have about thirty mosques. ... Their king is a Jew.... The Khazars’ smallest group is the Jews...though THE KING AND HIS COURT ARE JEWS." "Their supreme ruler is a Jew.... The rest of them have a religion like the religion of the Turks." (Dunlop, The History Of The Khazars, quoting Arab sources) "Most Khazars practiced shamanist-Täri religion.
In the late eighth to early ninth century (but perhaps as late as 861), THE KHAZAR RULING ELITE CONVERTED TO JUDAISM.
While many questions remain concerning this conversion and its pervasiveness, it is clear that by accepting Judaism, the ruling class made Khazaria a religious neutral zone for its warring Christian and Islamic neighbors. Religious tolerance and Khazaria's international commercial interests brought Christians, Muslims, Jews, pagans, and others to trade and live within the kaghanate."(Russian History Encyclopedia) "Vasilyev said the limited number of Jewish religious artifacts such as mezuzahs and Stars of David found at other Khazar sites PROVE THAT ORDINARY KHAZARS preferred traditional beliefs such as shamanism, or newly introduced religions including Islam. Yevgeny Satanovsky, director of the Middle Eastern Institute in Moscow, said he thinks the KHAZAR ELITE CHOSE JUDAISM out of political expediency: to remain independent of neighboring Muslim and Christian states. "They embraced Judaism because they wanted to remain neutral, like Switzerland these days," he said. " (Associated Press) Tests of Y-DNA of Ashkenazi Jews in significant part or completely confirmed above stated facts.
Presence of haplogroup R (R1a, R1a1 etc.) in the Ashkenazi genetic pool (presented in 12% or more) is seen (in largest portion), by some researchers, as supporting evidence of possible conversion of part of general population of Khazaria, as well as pre-Jewish priesthood (Qam's)/as described in several reports/, or due to the great number of Levits among them as well as DNA imprint of the Khazar royalty. The other religions were not only tolerated, but were an integral part of the Khazar structure. Thus, the court of Itil (the capital) had seven judges. Two judged the Jews (ruling according to Jewish law), two judged the Christians (ruling according to Christian law), two judged the Mulims (according to the Koran), and one judge judged those who had retained the Turkic Shamanistic religion (according to their law). Khazaria as a nation, collapsed first in 11th and finally in the 13th century, and it is considered that only a minor part of Ashkenazi Jewish population originate from it. DNA studies of Ashkenazi Jews confirmed this consideration (up to some 17-30% /R1a,R1a1,R1b,G,Q etc../ in total of Ashkenazi Jewish population originate from Khazarian Empire). Up to some 5% percent of Ashkenazi Jews have a very narrow and unique genetic trail which is placed in haplogroup Q (Q1b), which means that , following genetic/time calculations, a common male ancestor lived aprox. 1000 years ago. Significant numbers of them have oral traditions to be Levites.
"Talmudic sources may possibly be interpreted to support the notion of differences in the social, religious, and legal barriers that relate to the assumption of Cohen and Levite status. These include descriptions of the possible assumption of Levite status other than through patrilineal descent, in a Talmudic passage describing a debate regarding the potential assignment of Levite status to a man (and his descendants) whose father was a non-Jew and whose mother was the daughter of a Levite. Such differences could have provided the backdrop for the sanctioned acceptance of Levite status other than through patrilineal descent." (Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries- Doron M. Behar, Mark G. Thomas, Karl Skorecki,1 Michael F. Hammer, Ekaterina Bulygina, Dror Rosengarten, Abigail L. Jones, Karen Held, Vivian Moses, David Goldstein, Neil Bradman, and Michael E. Weale Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; The Centre for Genetic Anthropology and The Centre for Population Genetics and Human Health, Department of Biology, University College London, London; and Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ) Therefore, this project is also the Ashkenazi Levite project, as well. Accounts of the Gokturk and Khazar khaganates suggest that the Ashina clan was accorded SACRED, perhaps QUASI-DIVINE STATUS in the shamanic religion practiced by the steppe nomads of the first millennium CE /The pagan Turks believed that their Ashina Qaghans ruled by virtue of heavenly mandated charisma (QUT).
Since their blood could not be shed, dethroned Qaghans were strangled with a silk cord. The investiture ceremonies of the Ashina Turks and Khazar Qaghans included ritual near-strangulation. As THIS CHARISMA (QUT) RESIDED IN THE ENTIRE ROYAL CLAN, the latter exercised a collective sovereignty over their realms resulting in frequent succession struggles/. (http://au.encarta.msn.com) Peter B. Golden states; "The ruling house and core tribes of the Khazar empire did not share the same tribal or, in many instances, ethnic origins as those of the Qaganate’s diverse subject population. The Khazar rulers were heirs of the Türk qaganal charisma. Although aspects of sacral rule and dual kingship can be seen in the Türk and other Inner Asian nomad-based empires, it was only in Khazaria that the Qagan became a sacralised, tabuised figure. This transformation occurred in the 9th century and may reflect the influence of the Ors, the Khwârazmian-Iranian guard of the Qagan and the chief minister drawn from their ranks". Haplogroup Q is one of the basic haplogroups of the Mongolic race, and it is almost absent from European population, where is represented mainly in Jewish community/and communities with Jewish and Viking ancestry (please check;http://home.swipnet.se/~w-14723/birka/birke010.html).
HAPLOGROUP Q (Q1b) IS SOLE REPRESENTATION OF THE MONGOLIC /CENTRAL-NORTH ASIAN/ RACE WITHIN ASHKENAZI GENETIC POOL. THIS IS ALSO ASHKENAZI NON-ISRAELITE HAPLOGROUP WITH THE LEVITE ANCESTRY (OTHER IS R1a1-THE MOST COMMON NON-ISRAELITE/SLAVIC HAPLOGROUP). Q1b IS FOUND IN EUROPE ONLY WITHIN ASHKENAZI GENETIC POOL, WHICH MEANS THAT PRESENCE IN EUROPE IS ALMOST 0% (DISTRIBUTION OF HAPLOGROUP Q WITH ALL SUBCLADES IN EUROPE IS 0.61%) In circumstances when we still don't have any old DNA samples /and that cannot be expected in foreseeable future/, unique historical event of the Khazarian (Turko-Mongolic Ashina) royalty and nobility /and priesthood/ conversion to Judaism (this event was not recorded and not known in any other nation including any of 25 or more vassal nations or tribes of Khazars) give us opportunity to scientifically track down and uncover most possible descendants of this particular branch of the Ashina IMPERIAL RACE /term used by L.Gumilev/-BEGS (BEY,BEK) OR KHANS OF KHAZARS. -- Extract from "THE NOMADS OF THE STEPPE" (http://starnarcosis.net/obsidian/siberia.html);
I agree that it is likely that the presence of haplogroup Q among Ashkenazic Jews could come from descent from the Khazars". (Kevin Brook ,author of The Jews of Khazaria (Second Edition: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006) in open respond to D. Howard administrator of Ashkenazi-Q Yahoo group) "The population geneticist Nathaniel Michael Pearson worked with the Human Genome Project a few years ago and helped to collect DNA samples from North Caucasians, Turks, Sino-Tibetans, and other groups. Pearson is of Ukrainian Jewish background and compared his paternal Y-chromosome sample to those of men from other groups. His DNA matched with an Uzbekistani Uzbek, an Uzbekistani Tajik, and two men from New Delhi in northern India. Pearson believes that the Central Asian haplotype he has could be connected to the Khazar Turks. However, he told me that this haplotype "appears at only a couple percent frequency in a large Ashkenazi sample (and strangely shows a slightly higher, but still very low, frequency among Moroccan Jews)". In other words, this particular possibly-Khazar ancestral strain represents a minority rather than a majority of Eastern European Jews." (From http://www.khazaria.com/khazar-diaspora.html (by Kevin A.Brook))
A study published in 2004 by Stephen L. Zegura states that "The mutational age of Q-P36*, the marker defining the entire Q lineage, is 17,700 ± 4,820 years BP", and that its original source is the region of the Altay Mountains near the borders of Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and China (Zegura 2004, pp. 164-175). Haplogroup Q has been found in approximately 4% of Southern Altaians and 32% of Northern Altaians,16% of Tuvans, and 3% of Uyghurs,all of which are Turkic peoples inhabiting parts of Central Asia and southern Siberia.
Haplogroup Q is found in approximately 3% of males in Tibet and Mongolia./http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_Q_(Y-DNA/ Q1b (M378) found in 5% of Ashkenazi Jews Found at low frequency among samples of Hazara, Sindhis. ("Sengupta2006"-Sanghamitra Sengupta, Lev A. Zhivotovsky, Roy King, S.Q. Mehdi, Christopher A. Edmonds, Cheryl-Emiliane T. Chow, Alice A. Lin, Mitashree Mitra, Samir K. Sil, A. Ramesh, M.V. Usha Rani, Chitra M. Thakur, L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Partha P. Majumder, and Peter A. Underhill, "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists," ''The American Journal of Human Genetics'', Volume 78, Issue 2, 202-221, 1 February 2006.)
There is a rough correlation between the Turkic-speaking peoples of Central Eurasia and Q. /http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_Q_(Y-DNA/ The Ashina Royal Dynasty (CLAN) also originated from the Altai Mountain region; "...Two stages can be isolated within the history of origin of the Old Turks reconstructed on the base of the Old Turkic ethnogenealogical legends. The first one is attributed to the time span lasted up to the middle of the 5 century when tribes of Gorny and Mongolian Altai merged in the tribal alliance headed by Nadulushud. By "common consent" he was called Turk ('strong', 'robust').The second stage began in the middle of the 5 century when "500 FAMILIES" OF THE ASHINA CLAN headed by Asyanshud were moved by the Rurans from Gaochang to the southern part of the Altai. Here the migrants joined the ranks of the Turk tribal unit. Probably it was a peaceful migration of the Ashina clan being cognate in language (though L.N. Gumilev considered them to be Mongolian speaking) and similar in the type of economic activity (nomadic cattlebreading)to aborigines of the Altai. This is proved by the fact that the Ashina "500 families" also assumed the name of Turks." (S.P.Nesterov,The Old Turks in Central Asia and Southern Siberia) Khan (sometimes spelled as Xan, Han, Ke-Han, Turkic: khan, Mongolian: qaan) is an originally Central Asian title for a sovereign or military ruler, first used by medieval Altaic-speaking nomadic tribes living to the north of China.
Originally just the title for a tribal leader in the Rouran confederation, it was subsequently adopted by the Göktürks before later Turkic peoples and the Mongols brought it to the rest of Asia. It now has many equivalent meanings such as commander, leader, or ruler. (source; Wikipedia article about Khan title) Khagan or Great Khan (Old Turkic kaɣan ; Mongolian: хаган; Chinese: 可汗; pinyin: kèhán; alternatively spelled Chagan, Khaghan, Kagan, Kağan, Qagan, Qaghan), is a title of imperial rank in the Turkic and Mongolian languages equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a Khaganate (empire, greater than an ordinary Khanate, but often referred to as such in western languages). It may also be translated as Khan of Khans, equivalent to King of Kings.(source; Wikipedia article about Khagan title)
Bey is a Turkish title for "chieftain," traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. In historical accounts, many Turkish, other Turkic and Persian leaders are titled Bey, Beg, Bek, Bay, Baig or Beigh. They are all the same word with the simple meaning of "lord." The regions or provinces where Beys (the equivalent of duke in Europe) ruled or which they administered were called Beylik, roughly meaning "emirate" or "principality" in the first case, "province" or "governorate" in the second (the equivalent of duchy in Europe). Today, the word is used as a social title for men (like the English word "mister").(source; Wikipedia article about BEG title)
The R1a (R1a1) lineage is believed to have originated in the Eurasian Steppes north of the Black & Caspian Seas. This lineage is thought to descend from a population of the Kurgan culture, known for the domestication of the horse (circa 3000 B.C.E.).
These people were also believed to be the first speakers of the Indo-European language group. This lineage is found in central & western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations of Europe.Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype. Hypotetic origin of Ashina aristocracy; The origins of the Huns that swept through Europe during the 4th Century remain unclear. However, mainstream historians consider them as a group of nomadic tribes from Central Asia probably ruled by "a Turkic-speaking aristocracy". /http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadic_empires / "Ashina -- the Royal clan of the Blue Turks (and possibly earlier the Huns) and later of the Khazars..."/Norman J. Finkelshteyn/
Ashina aristocracy origin from historical records; Between the years 265 and 460 the Ashina had been part of various late Xiongnu confederations. About 460 they were subjugated by the Rouran, who ousted them from Xinjiang into the Altay Mountains, where the Ashina gradually emerged as the leaders of the early Turkic confederation, known as the Gokturks. By the 550s, Bumin Khan felt strong enough to throw off the yoke of the Rouran domination and established the Gokturks Empire, which flourished until the 630s and from 680s until 740s. The Orkhon Valley in Mongolia was the centre of the Ashina power. On basis of Chinese records, we could tell that Ashina Turks were acting more as a noble or royal line which played the role of a political entity unifying various Turkic speaking tribes. (http://www.republicanchina.org/Turks.html)
The Ashina Royal Dynasty was also known as "desert aristocracy" and it was ruling class of a number of central Asian empires, and eventually it became the ruling class (nobility) and khagans (emperors) of the Khazarian Khaganate in the early middle age (in year 656, after the collapse of the Gokturk Empire under pressure from the resurgent Uyghurs, branches of the Ashina clan moved westward to Europe, where they became the Kaghans of the Khazars/-after the collapse of the Gokturk empire, branches of the Ashina clan seized control of the Khazars and possibly other nomadic peoples). KHAZARS, a national group of general Turkic type, independent and sovereign in Eastern Europe between the seventh and tenth centuries C.E. During part of this time the leading Khazars professed Judaism. The name is frequently pronounced with an a-vowel, as in the Greek Χάξαροι and Arabic Khazar (Ḥazar), but there are traces of a different pronunciation in Hebrew (Kuzari, pl. Kuzarim), Greek (Χότξιροι), and Chinese (Kʿo-sa). The name has been explained as having derived from Turkish qazmak ("to wander," "nomadize (?)"), or from quz ("side of mountain exposed to the north"). The latter etymology would account for the o/u-vowel in some forms of the name, for which no satisfactory explanation has been given. (http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0012_0_11089.html) “Khazars (Chazars; Hazars). Turkish or Finnish tribe which settled in the lower Volga region.From the 8th to the 10th centuries the Khazar state extended westward as far as Kiev.In the 8th century a Judaizing movement manifested itself among the the people their king, Bulan, and thousands of nobles converted to Judaism.The central theme of Judah ha-Levi's Kuzari is the legendary disputation which resulted in this conversion.Chasdai ibn Shaprut believed that the Khazars were one of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel; according to tradition, he entered into correspondence with their king, Joseph, in the 10th century” (The Blackwell Dictionary of Judaica, p.290; c1992, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, England). "Although basically Turkic, the Khazar state bore little resemblance to the other Turkic empires of central Eurasia. It was headed by a secluded supreme ruler of semireligious character called a khagan—who wielded little real power—and by tribal chieftains, EACH KNOWN AS A BEG."(Encyclopedia Britannica) According to The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia the ruling class of the Khazarian Empire - sacred Khagan Bulan and 4000 OF HIS NOBLES (PRINCESS OR BEGS OF THE ASHINA CLAN), from ancient "Turkish" shamanism converted to Judaism in the 8th century. While the kingdom and ruling class were officially Jewish, the Khazars did not adopt forced conversion. "The Khazars originated from the distant East, from the border areas of China. In the seventh century, they were swept by the Great Migrations to the mouth of the River Volga and the shores of the Caspian Sea. Here the Khazars conquered Onogur and Bulgar-Turkic tribes who spoke another Turkic dialect. In the seventh and eighth centuries, this new empire halted Arab expansionism, established contact with Byzantium, and became a decisive force between the Caspian Sea and the River Don up to the middle of the tenth century. Land cultivation, animal husbandry and handicrafts flourished in the empire. Merchants traded not only with Byzantium, but also with the Arab-Persian world and the distant East. The kagans did not prohibit the activities of Christian and Moslem missionaries. Both religions maintained places or worship and schools on Khazar land. Out of political considerations, however, the kagans and their retinues embraced a third great monotheist religion, Judaism. This was to avoid pressure on them from the Byzantine Empire and the various Arab emirates. The peoples of the Khazar Khanate had a more advanced way of life than those of the Central Asian Turkic tribes, whose chief occupation was nomadic animal husbandry. The level of its agriculture and handicrafts industry matched contemporary European standards. In terms of commercial development it even exceeded them. However, the empire was a loosely organized entity, with the fluctuating numbers of subjugated peoples rather than fixed boundaries determining its size. The Magyar tribal alliance constituted one such subjugated people."- György Balázs, The Magyars. Budapest: Corvina, 1989 According to the scholar Robert M. Seltzer, “The Judaism of the Khazars has been much discussed but the historical evidence is very limited. Only the ruling class of the Khazars became Jews...” Raphael Patai states: “For more than two centuries Judaism was the religion of the ruling class while other religions, notably Islam, but also Christianity, were extensively practiced among the people.” Abba Eban has written: “...the rulers of the Khazars apparently converted to Judaism at the end of the eighth century, although the majority of the population appears to have remained either Christian or Moslem.” "In 1016 the descendants of the Jewish royal family fled to their coreligionists in Spain. Many of the Jewish Khazars, however, continued to live in the Crimea.... But the majority of the early Khazar proselytes were scattered over the neighboring countries, introducing Jewish ideals among their Christian neighbors..." - Jacob S. Raisin, in Gentile Reactions to Jewish Ideals (New York, NY: Philosophical Library, 1953), page 691. Stephen Lowe stated;"It appears from contemporary accounts, particularly from Arab sources, that the conversion to Judaism was largely confined to the ruling class – the Khaqan and his immediate côterie. They showed a level of religious toleration unusual in a mediaeval society – there seems to have been no effort at forcible conversion. The Khazar population included many Christians, Muslims, and pagans in their ranks, and the major cities contained churches and mosques." "In this city (Khazaran-Itil) are Muslims, Christians, Jews and pagans. The Jews are the king, his attendants and the Khazars of his kind. (footnote: 'i.e., presumably THE RULING TRIBE of ‘White Khazars’).'" (Koestler, pp. 15,60)
"According to Ibn Fadlan, Ibn Dastah, and others, ONLY THE KING AND THE GRANDEES WERE FOLLOWERS OF JUDAISM. The rest of the Khazars were Christians, Mohammedans, and heathens; and THE JEWS WERE IN A GREAT MINORITY." (Jewish Encyclopedia) "The conversion of the LEADING KHAZARS to Judaism perhaps took place toward 740 C.E." (Jewish Encyclopedia) "The most striking characteristic of the Khazars was the apparent adoption of Judaism BY THE KHAGAN AND THE GREATER PART OF THE RULING CLASS in about 740.The circumstances of the conversion remain obscure, the depth of their adoption of Judaism difficult to assess; but the fact itself is undisputed and UNPARALLELED in central EURASIAN HISTORY.
A few scholars have even asserted that the Judaized Khazars were the remote ancestors of many eastern European and Russian Jews. Whatever the case may be, religious tolerance was practiced in the Khazar empire, and paganism continued to flourish among the population." (Encyclopedia Britannica) "In the town (Atil, the capital of Khazaria) are people of the Muslims, more than 10,000, it is said. They have about thirty mosques. ... Their king is a Jew.... The Khazars’ smallest group is the Jews...though THE KING AND HIS COURT ARE JEWS." "Their supreme ruler is a Jew.... The rest of them have a religion like the religion of the Turks." (Dunlop, The History Of The Khazars, quoting Arab sources) "Most Khazars practiced shamanist-Täri religion.
In the late eighth to early ninth century (but perhaps as late as 861), THE KHAZAR RULING ELITE CONVERTED TO JUDAISM.
While many questions remain concerning this conversion and its pervasiveness, it is clear that by accepting Judaism, the ruling class made Khazaria a religious neutral zone for its warring Christian and Islamic neighbors. Religious tolerance and Khazaria's international commercial interests brought Christians, Muslims, Jews, pagans, and others to trade and live within the kaghanate."(Russian History Encyclopedia) "Vasilyev said the limited number of Jewish religious artifacts such as mezuzahs and Stars of David found at other Khazar sites PROVE THAT ORDINARY KHAZARS preferred traditional beliefs such as shamanism, or newly introduced religions including Islam. Yevgeny Satanovsky, director of the Middle Eastern Institute in Moscow, said he thinks the KHAZAR ELITE CHOSE JUDAISM out of political expediency: to remain independent of neighboring Muslim and Christian states. "They embraced Judaism because they wanted to remain neutral, like Switzerland these days," he said. " (Associated Press) Tests of Y-DNA of Ashkenazi Jews in significant part or completely confirmed above stated facts.
Presence of haplogroup R (R1a, R1a1 etc.) in the Ashkenazi genetic pool (presented in 12% or more) is seen (in largest portion), by some researchers, as supporting evidence of possible conversion of part of general population of Khazaria, as well as pre-Jewish priesthood (Qam's)/as described in several reports/, or due to the great number of Levits among them as well as DNA imprint of the Khazar royalty. The other religions were not only tolerated, but were an integral part of the Khazar structure. Thus, the court of Itil (the capital) had seven judges. Two judged the Jews (ruling according to Jewish law), two judged the Christians (ruling according to Christian law), two judged the Mulims (according to the Koran), and one judge judged those who had retained the Turkic Shamanistic religion (according to their law). Khazaria as a nation, collapsed first in 11th and finally in the 13th century, and it is considered that only a minor part of Ashkenazi Jewish population originate from it. DNA studies of Ashkenazi Jews confirmed this consideration (up to some 17-30% /R1a,R1a1,R1b,G,Q etc../ in total of Ashkenazi Jewish population originate from Khazarian Empire). Up to some 5% percent of Ashkenazi Jews have a very narrow and unique genetic trail which is placed in haplogroup Q (Q1b), which means that , following genetic/time calculations, a common male ancestor lived aprox. 1000 years ago. Significant numbers of them have oral traditions to be Levites.
"Talmudic sources may possibly be interpreted to support the notion of differences in the social, religious, and legal barriers that relate to the assumption of Cohen and Levite status. These include descriptions of the possible assumption of Levite status other than through patrilineal descent, in a Talmudic passage describing a debate regarding the potential assignment of Levite status to a man (and his descendants) whose father was a non-Jew and whose mother was the daughter of a Levite. Such differences could have provided the backdrop for the sanctioned acceptance of Levite status other than through patrilineal descent." (Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries- Doron M. Behar, Mark G. Thomas, Karl Skorecki,1 Michael F. Hammer, Ekaterina Bulygina, Dror Rosengarten, Abigail L. Jones, Karen Held, Vivian Moses, David Goldstein, Neil Bradman, and Michael E. Weale Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; The Centre for Genetic Anthropology and The Centre for Population Genetics and Human Health, Department of Biology, University College London, London; and Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ) Therefore, this project is also the Ashkenazi Levite project, as well. Accounts of the Gokturk and Khazar khaganates suggest that the Ashina clan was accorded SACRED, perhaps QUASI-DIVINE STATUS in the shamanic religion practiced by the steppe nomads of the first millennium CE /The pagan Turks believed that their Ashina Qaghans ruled by virtue of heavenly mandated charisma (QUT).
Since their blood could not be shed, dethroned Qaghans were strangled with a silk cord. The investiture ceremonies of the Ashina Turks and Khazar Qaghans included ritual near-strangulation. As THIS CHARISMA (QUT) RESIDED IN THE ENTIRE ROYAL CLAN, the latter exercised a collective sovereignty over their realms resulting in frequent succession struggles/. (http://au.encarta.msn.com) Peter B. Golden states; "The ruling house and core tribes of the Khazar empire did not share the same tribal or, in many instances, ethnic origins as those of the Qaganate’s diverse subject population. The Khazar rulers were heirs of the Türk qaganal charisma. Although aspects of sacral rule and dual kingship can be seen in the Türk and other Inner Asian nomad-based empires, it was only in Khazaria that the Qagan became a sacralised, tabuised figure. This transformation occurred in the 9th century and may reflect the influence of the Ors, the Khwârazmian-Iranian guard of the Qagan and the chief minister drawn from their ranks". Haplogroup Q is one of the basic haplogroups of the Mongolic race, and it is almost absent from European population, where is represented mainly in Jewish community/and communities with Jewish and Viking ancestry (please check;http://home.swipnet.se/~w-14723/birka/birke010.html).
HAPLOGROUP Q (Q1b) IS SOLE REPRESENTATION OF THE MONGOLIC /CENTRAL-NORTH ASIAN/ RACE WITHIN ASHKENAZI GENETIC POOL. THIS IS ALSO ASHKENAZI NON-ISRAELITE HAPLOGROUP WITH THE LEVITE ANCESTRY (OTHER IS R1a1-THE MOST COMMON NON-ISRAELITE/SLAVIC HAPLOGROUP). Q1b IS FOUND IN EUROPE ONLY WITHIN ASHKENAZI GENETIC POOL, WHICH MEANS THAT PRESENCE IN EUROPE IS ALMOST 0% (DISTRIBUTION OF HAPLOGROUP Q WITH ALL SUBCLADES IN EUROPE IS 0.61%) In circumstances when we still don't have any old DNA samples /and that cannot be expected in foreseeable future/, unique historical event of the Khazarian (Turko-Mongolic Ashina) royalty and nobility /and priesthood/ conversion to Judaism (this event was not recorded and not known in any other nation including any of 25 or more vassal nations or tribes of Khazars) give us opportunity to scientifically track down and uncover most possible descendants of this particular branch of the Ashina IMPERIAL RACE /term used by L.Gumilev/-BEGS (BEY,BEK) OR KHANS OF KHAZARS. -- Extract from "THE NOMADS OF THE STEPPE" (http://starnarcosis.net/obsidian/siberia.html);
Ashina of Khazaria
Ashina of Khazaria
The Khazar Empire has been ruled by the branch of the Ashina Royal Tribe which was converted to Judaism in 8th century AC.
The account of al-Istakhrī, written c. 320/932, is as follows (Viae regnorum, ed. by M.J. De Goeje (1927), 223ff.):
"As to their politics and system of government, their chief is called khāqān of the Khazars. He is greater than the king of the Khazars [elsewhere called the bak or bāk, i.e., beg], except that the king of the Khazars appoints him. When they wish to appoint this khāqān, they bring him and throttle him with a piece of silk, till, when his breath is nearly cut off, they say to him, 'How long do you wish to reign?' and he says, 'So and-so many years.' If he dies short of them, well and good. If not, he is killed when he reaches that year. The khaqanate is valid among them only in a house of notables. He possesses no right of command nor of veto but he is honored, and people prostrate themselves when they enter his presence.…. The khaqanate is in a group of notables who possess neither sovereignty nor riches. When the chief place comes to one of them, they appoint him, and do not consider his condition. I have been informed by a reliable person that he had seen a young man selling bread in one of the sūqs. People said that when their khāqān died, there was none more deserving of the khaqanate than he, except that he was a Muslim, and the khaqanate is not conferred on any but a Jew."
Conversion on Judaism limited to Quaghan Bulan and 4000 of his nobles
Scholars Douglas Morton Dunlop, Robert M. Seltzer, Stephen Lowe, Raphael Patai, Abba Eban (etc.) as well as Ibn Fadlan, Ibn Dastan and many other contemporary travelers and geographers, reported about Khazar conversion on Judaism limited to the Ashina of Khazaria tribal ruling class.
Other accounts include; Gardîzî whose Zayn al-Ah_bâr dates from ca. 1050, drew from many of the same sources used by Ibn Rusta. He reports that the Qag_an and Išâd (Prince) are Jews as are all who are inclined (meil dârad ) to (these) two from among the generals (sarhangân) and great men . The rest of them have a faith (bar dînî and ) which resembles that of the religion of the Oğuz Turks (ba-dîn-i turkân-i ġuzz mânad)
Al-Mas_ûdî, in his description of the Khazar capital, Atıl/Itil, writes: In this city there are Muslims, Christians, Jews and pagans. As concerns the Jews, they are the king (malik, by which he later notes he means the Qağan), his entourage and the Khazars of his tribe (min jinsihi). The king of the Khazars converted to Judaism during the caliphate of (Hârûn) ar-Rašîd (reg. 786–809, pbg). Some Jews joined him, arriving there from various Islamic urban centers and from Byzantium (Rûm). This was because the king of Rûm, in our time i.e in 332/943 it is Armanûs (Romanos Lekapenos, reg. 920–944), converted those Jews who were in his kingdom to the Christian religion, using coercion on them . . .”
Russian History Encyclopedia quote; "Most Khazars practiced shamanist-Täri religion. In the late eighth to early ninth century (but perhaps as late as 861), THE KHAZAR RULING ELITE CONVERTED TO JUDAISM. While many questions remain concerning this conversion and its pervasiveness, it is clear that by accepting Judaism, the ruling class made Khazaria a religious neutral zone for its warring Christian and Islamic neighbors. Religious tolerance and Khazaria's international commercial interests brought Christians, Muslims, Jews, pagans, and others to trade and live within the kaghanate."
Those claims has been confirmed and fortified in full by the very latest Y-DNA studies on Jews;
A 2010 study on Jewish ancestry by Atzmon et al. says "Two major groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent (IBD) analysis: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews. The IBD segment sharing and the proximity of European Jews to each other and to southern European populations suggested similar origins for European Jewry and refuted large-scale genetic contributions of Central and Eastern European and Slavic populations to the formation of Ashkenazi Jewry.".
The recent archeological discovery of the Khazar Jewish Capitol - Itil/Atil by The Astrakhan State University and subsequent conclusions ,confirmed the very same.
Quote from The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia; "Ultimately, about 786-809, their king Bulan and 4,000 of his nobles accepted Judaism, the prince Obadiah being active in securing their Judaization. "
Some medieval sources give the name of the rabbi who oversaw the conversion of the Khazars as Isaac Sangari or Yitzhak ha-Sangari.
According to A. Harkavy ("Meassef Niddahim," i.), the conversion took place in 620; according to others, in 740. King Joeph, in his letter to Hasdai ibn Shaprut (about 960), gives the following account of the conversion:(see Harkavy, "Soobshchenija o Chazarakh," in "Yevreiskaya Biblioteka," vii. 153);
"Some centuries ago King Bulan reigned over the Khazars. To him God appeared in a dream and promised him might and glory. Encouraged by this dream, Bulan went by the road of Darlan to the country of Ardebil, where he gained great victories [over the Arabs]. The Byzantine emperor and the calif of the Ishmaelites sent to him envoys with presents, and sages to convert him to their respective religions. Bulan invited also wise men of Israel, and proceeded to examine them all. As each of the champions believed his religion to be the best, Bulan separately questioned the Mohammedans and the Christians as to which of the other two religions they considered the better. When both gave preference to that of the Jews, that king perceived that it must be the true religion. He therefore adopted it".
In its aftermath ... , the Khazar officers called for Jewish books which had been kept in a “cave in the plain of Tyzwl". These were produced and the explanations offered by the “sages of Israel” proved critical. “Then,” we are told, “returned Israel, with the people of Qazaria, (to Judaism) completely” and Jews began to emigrate to Khazaria from Iran, Iraq and Byzantium...
According to the Schechter Letter, early Khazar Judaism was centered on a tabernacle similar to that mentioned in the Book of Exodus. Archaeologists at Rostov-on-Don have tentatively identified a folding altar unearthed at Khumar as part of such a construct.
Names of the huge Hebrew aristocracy of Khazaria history do not record, only names of Hebrew Emperors are recorded (based upon 740 AC as conversion date),and famous Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Farisi al Istakhri records that those Hebrew Emperors (he call them kaqhan) are chosen in the very same old shamanic way based on ancient spiritual blood royal premises, despite the fact of nominal conversion;
fl. c. 740 Bulan Sabriel (amalgamation with the Babylonian Jews of Iran,Iraq and Byzant onward)
c. 786-809 Obadiah
Hezekiah
Manasseh I
Chanukkah
Isaac
Zebulun
Manasseh II
Nisi
fl. c. 900 Aaron I
Menahem
fl. c. 920 Benjamin
c. late 920s-940 Aaron II
fl. 940-965 Joseph
c. 986-988 David
? -1016 Georgius Tzul (In Kerch on Crimea)
Archeological and Anthropological evidences
Kevin Alan Brook; "It is certain that Khazar Jews lived in Phanagoria (Tmutorokan), since over sixty tombstones bearing Jewish symbols (such as seven-branched menorahs, shofars, and lulavs) on one side and Turkic tribe symbols (tamgas) on the other side were found on the Taman peninsula. Many of these tombstones date from the eighth or ninth century. Khazarian tombstones on the Crimean peninsula also depict the shofar, menorah, and staff of Aaron, as well as Turkic tribe symbols... The artifacts from Taman and Crimea are extremely significant since their tamgas show that these Jews were ethnic Turks."
In 1972, 263 graves were discovered near the village of Chelarevo, in the Vojvodina district of present-day Serbia... More important, Jewish motifs have been found on at least seventy of the brick fragments excavated from the graves. The Jewish symbols on the fragments include menorahs, shofars, etrogs, candle-snuffers, and ash-collectors. One of the brick fragments, which was placed over the grave of Yehudah, has a Hebrew inscription that reads, 'Yehudah, oh!'[31] A recent summation of the Čelarevo complex by R.Bunardžič,“Čelarevo—nekropol’ i poselenie VIII–IX vekov” in Xazary, ed. V. Petruxin, V.Moskovič et al. in Evrei i Slavjane 16 (Ierusalim-Moskva, 2005), pp. 522–531,dates the finds to the late eighth-early ninth centuries, notes the Judaic objects in the finds,connects them with one of the three groupings represented there, a people with “northern Mongolian” physical characteristics.
Krupa de Tarnawa genetic tree
The Krupa de Tarnawa genetic tree shows over 20 Levite and Aaronite lineages, as well as of Crimean Karaite, a group traditionally associated with Khazars. It is clear, from all genetic evidences, that this genetic tree descend from a single person or one single endogamic family , and start to rapidly expand in number some 800 to 900 years ago.
Today many Crimean Karaites deny Israelite origins and consider themselves to be descendants of the Khazars. The consensus view among historians, however, considers that religion form of the Khazars was Talmudic Judaism.Some modern Crimean Karaites seek to distance themselves from being identified as Jews, emphasizing what they view as their Turkic heritage and claiming that they are Turkic practitioners of a "Mosaic religion" separate and distinct from Judaism.
As for the Levite identity quote from "Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries" by Behar et al.; Talmudic sources may possibly be interpreted to support the notion of differences in the social, religious, and legal barriers that relate to the assumption of Cohen and Levite status. These include descriptions of the possible assumption of Levite status other than through patrilineal descent, in a Talmudic passage describing a debate regarding the potential assign- ment of Levite status to a man (and his descendants) whose father was a non-Jew and whose mother was the daughter of a Levite. Such differences could have provided the backdrop for the sanctioned acceptance of Levite status other than through patrilineal descent.
Accounts of the Gokturk and Khazar khaganates suggest that the Ashina clan was accorded SACRED, perhaps QUASI-DIVINE STATUS in the shamanic religion practiced by the steppe nomads of the first millennium CE /The pagan Turks believed that their Ashina Qaghans ruled by virtue of heavenly mandated charisma (QUT). Since their blood could not be shed, dethroned Qaghans were strangled with a silk cord. The investiture ceremonies of the Ashina Turks and Khazar Qaghans included ritual near-strangulation. As THIS CHARISMA (QUT) RESIDED IN THE ENTIRE ROYAL CLAN, the latter exercised a collective sovereignty over their realms resulting in frequent succession struggles/. http://au.encarta.msn.com
Originally, the Khazars practiced traditional Turkic shamanism, focused on the sky godTengri, but were heavily influenced by Confucian ideas imported from China, notably that of the Mandate of Heaven. The Ashina clan were considered to be the chosen of Tengri and the kaghan was the incarnation of the favor the sky-god bestowed on the Turks. A kaghan who failed had clearly lost the god's favor and was typically ritually executed. Historians have sometimes wondered, only half in jest, whether the Khazar tendency to occasionally execute their rulers on religious grounds led those rulers to seek out other religions. The Khazars worshipped a number of deities subordinate to Tengri, including the fertility goddessUmay, Kuara, a thunder god, and Erlik, the god of death.
The Krupa family leads research of the ASHINA KHAZAR Ancestory and runs the ROYAL ASHINA DYNASTY DNA PROJECT. Supreme Templar Grand Master, Freddy Krupa, Shamanic Prince of Itil, has written an e-book about the ROYAL ASHINA KHAZAR BEG Y- DNA LINK OF the KRUPA family of Croatia. It has been recognised by both, scientific circles, and Shamans. Seventy-seven year old Shaman/Kam Emelye Ulubayan claimed that spirits of elders/begs of Khazaria during her lucid dreaming, recognized the Krupa family as descents of Obadiah, King of Khazars, and that they called Freddy Krupa Prince of Itil. Mladen Krupa, Freddy’s father is the oldest member of the family and has been recognized as the one that has the shamanic gift. For scientific information, read about IGENEA.
The family is also recognized as the Dragon Princess by the Imperial and Royal Dragon Court of the House of Vere of Anjou, excersing prerogatives given to IRDC in royal warrant of the house Habsburg-Toskana in 1994. The Krupa de Tarnawa genetic tree, turns out to be, the one of late Stanley Goldfoot (Eliezer Ben Yisrael), Head of Intelligence for the Stern Group and founder of The Times of Israel.
"This family DNA data also shows the descent from the original Levites, the so-called "Babylonian Levites" through frequent intermarriages with the Khazar royals. The Tarnawa-de Vere von Drakenberg and Tarnawa-Krupa de Vere von Drakenberg families, now amalgated, are descended from the same Ha'Melech dynasty." Dragon Cede,pg.79
http://ashinaroyaldynasty.blogspot.com/
The Khazar Empire has been ruled by the branch of the Ashina Royal Tribe which was converted to Judaism in 8th century AC.
The account of al-Istakhrī, written c. 320/932, is as follows (Viae regnorum, ed. by M.J. De Goeje (1927), 223ff.):
"As to their politics and system of government, their chief is called khāqān of the Khazars. He is greater than the king of the Khazars [elsewhere called the bak or bāk, i.e., beg], except that the king of the Khazars appoints him. When they wish to appoint this khāqān, they bring him and throttle him with a piece of silk, till, when his breath is nearly cut off, they say to him, 'How long do you wish to reign?' and he says, 'So and-so many years.' If he dies short of them, well and good. If not, he is killed when he reaches that year. The khaqanate is valid among them only in a house of notables. He possesses no right of command nor of veto but he is honored, and people prostrate themselves when they enter his presence.…. The khaqanate is in a group of notables who possess neither sovereignty nor riches. When the chief place comes to one of them, they appoint him, and do not consider his condition. I have been informed by a reliable person that he had seen a young man selling bread in one of the sūqs. People said that when their khāqān died, there was none more deserving of the khaqanate than he, except that he was a Muslim, and the khaqanate is not conferred on any but a Jew."
Conversion on Judaism limited to Quaghan Bulan and 4000 of his nobles
Scholars Douglas Morton Dunlop, Robert M. Seltzer, Stephen Lowe, Raphael Patai, Abba Eban (etc.) as well as Ibn Fadlan, Ibn Dastan and many other contemporary travelers and geographers, reported about Khazar conversion on Judaism limited to the Ashina of Khazaria tribal ruling class.
Other accounts include; Gardîzî whose Zayn al-Ah_bâr dates from ca. 1050, drew from many of the same sources used by Ibn Rusta. He reports that the Qag_an and Išâd (Prince) are Jews as are all who are inclined (meil dârad ) to (these) two from among the generals (sarhangân) and great men . The rest of them have a faith (bar dînî and ) which resembles that of the religion of the Oğuz Turks (ba-dîn-i turkân-i ġuzz mânad)
Al-Mas_ûdî, in his description of the Khazar capital, Atıl/Itil, writes: In this city there are Muslims, Christians, Jews and pagans. As concerns the Jews, they are the king (malik, by which he later notes he means the Qağan), his entourage and the Khazars of his tribe (min jinsihi). The king of the Khazars converted to Judaism during the caliphate of (Hârûn) ar-Rašîd (reg. 786–809, pbg). Some Jews joined him, arriving there from various Islamic urban centers and from Byzantium (Rûm). This was because the king of Rûm, in our time i.e in 332/943 it is Armanûs (Romanos Lekapenos, reg. 920–944), converted those Jews who were in his kingdom to the Christian religion, using coercion on them . . .”
Russian History Encyclopedia quote; "Most Khazars practiced shamanist-Täri religion. In the late eighth to early ninth century (but perhaps as late as 861), THE KHAZAR RULING ELITE CONVERTED TO JUDAISM. While many questions remain concerning this conversion and its pervasiveness, it is clear that by accepting Judaism, the ruling class made Khazaria a religious neutral zone for its warring Christian and Islamic neighbors. Religious tolerance and Khazaria's international commercial interests brought Christians, Muslims, Jews, pagans, and others to trade and live within the kaghanate."
Those claims has been confirmed and fortified in full by the very latest Y-DNA studies on Jews;
A 2010 study on Jewish ancestry by Atzmon et al. says "Two major groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent (IBD) analysis: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews. The IBD segment sharing and the proximity of European Jews to each other and to southern European populations suggested similar origins for European Jewry and refuted large-scale genetic contributions of Central and Eastern European and Slavic populations to the formation of Ashkenazi Jewry.".
The recent archeological discovery of the Khazar Jewish Capitol - Itil/Atil by The Astrakhan State University and subsequent conclusions ,confirmed the very same.
Quote from The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia; "Ultimately, about 786-809, their king Bulan and 4,000 of his nobles accepted Judaism, the prince Obadiah being active in securing their Judaization. "
Some medieval sources give the name of the rabbi who oversaw the conversion of the Khazars as Isaac Sangari or Yitzhak ha-Sangari.
According to A. Harkavy ("Meassef Niddahim," i.), the conversion took place in 620; according to others, in 740. King Joeph, in his letter to Hasdai ibn Shaprut (about 960), gives the following account of the conversion:(see Harkavy, "Soobshchenija o Chazarakh," in "Yevreiskaya Biblioteka," vii. 153);
"Some centuries ago King Bulan reigned over the Khazars. To him God appeared in a dream and promised him might and glory. Encouraged by this dream, Bulan went by the road of Darlan to the country of Ardebil, where he gained great victories [over the Arabs]. The Byzantine emperor and the calif of the Ishmaelites sent to him envoys with presents, and sages to convert him to their respective religions. Bulan invited also wise men of Israel, and proceeded to examine them all. As each of the champions believed his religion to be the best, Bulan separately questioned the Mohammedans and the Christians as to which of the other two religions they considered the better. When both gave preference to that of the Jews, that king perceived that it must be the true religion. He therefore adopted it".
In its aftermath ... , the Khazar officers called for Jewish books which had been kept in a “cave in the plain of Tyzwl". These were produced and the explanations offered by the “sages of Israel” proved critical. “Then,” we are told, “returned Israel, with the people of Qazaria, (to Judaism) completely” and Jews began to emigrate to Khazaria from Iran, Iraq and Byzantium...
According to the Schechter Letter, early Khazar Judaism was centered on a tabernacle similar to that mentioned in the Book of Exodus. Archaeologists at Rostov-on-Don have tentatively identified a folding altar unearthed at Khumar as part of such a construct.
Names of the huge Hebrew aristocracy of Khazaria history do not record, only names of Hebrew Emperors are recorded (based upon 740 AC as conversion date),and famous Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Farisi al Istakhri records that those Hebrew Emperors (he call them kaqhan) are chosen in the very same old shamanic way based on ancient spiritual blood royal premises, despite the fact of nominal conversion;
fl. c. 740 Bulan Sabriel (amalgamation with the Babylonian Jews of Iran,Iraq and Byzant onward)
c. 786-809 Obadiah
Hezekiah
Manasseh I
Chanukkah
Isaac
Zebulun
Manasseh II
Nisi
fl. c. 900 Aaron I
Menahem
fl. c. 920 Benjamin
c. late 920s-940 Aaron II
fl. 940-965 Joseph
c. 986-988 David
? -1016 Georgius Tzul (In Kerch on Crimea)
Archeological and Anthropological evidences
Kevin Alan Brook; "It is certain that Khazar Jews lived in Phanagoria (Tmutorokan), since over sixty tombstones bearing Jewish symbols (such as seven-branched menorahs, shofars, and lulavs) on one side and Turkic tribe symbols (tamgas) on the other side were found on the Taman peninsula. Many of these tombstones date from the eighth or ninth century. Khazarian tombstones on the Crimean peninsula also depict the shofar, menorah, and staff of Aaron, as well as Turkic tribe symbols... The artifacts from Taman and Crimea are extremely significant since their tamgas show that these Jews were ethnic Turks."
In 1972, 263 graves were discovered near the village of Chelarevo, in the Vojvodina district of present-day Serbia... More important, Jewish motifs have been found on at least seventy of the brick fragments excavated from the graves. The Jewish symbols on the fragments include menorahs, shofars, etrogs, candle-snuffers, and ash-collectors. One of the brick fragments, which was placed over the grave of Yehudah, has a Hebrew inscription that reads, 'Yehudah, oh!'[31] A recent summation of the Čelarevo complex by R.Bunardžič,“Čelarevo—nekropol’ i poselenie VIII–IX vekov” in Xazary, ed. V. Petruxin, V.Moskovič et al. in Evrei i Slavjane 16 (Ierusalim-Moskva, 2005), pp. 522–531,dates the finds to the late eighth-early ninth centuries, notes the Judaic objects in the finds,connects them with one of the three groupings represented there, a people with “northern Mongolian” physical characteristics.
Krupa de Tarnawa genetic tree
The Krupa de Tarnawa genetic tree shows over 20 Levite and Aaronite lineages, as well as of Crimean Karaite, a group traditionally associated with Khazars. It is clear, from all genetic evidences, that this genetic tree descend from a single person or one single endogamic family , and start to rapidly expand in number some 800 to 900 years ago.
Today many Crimean Karaites deny Israelite origins and consider themselves to be descendants of the Khazars. The consensus view among historians, however, considers that religion form of the Khazars was Talmudic Judaism.Some modern Crimean Karaites seek to distance themselves from being identified as Jews, emphasizing what they view as their Turkic heritage and claiming that they are Turkic practitioners of a "Mosaic religion" separate and distinct from Judaism.
As for the Levite identity quote from "Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries" by Behar et al.; Talmudic sources may possibly be interpreted to support the notion of differences in the social, religious, and legal barriers that relate to the assumption of Cohen and Levite status. These include descriptions of the possible assumption of Levite status other than through patrilineal descent, in a Talmudic passage describing a debate regarding the potential assign- ment of Levite status to a man (and his descendants) whose father was a non-Jew and whose mother was the daughter of a Levite. Such differences could have provided the backdrop for the sanctioned acceptance of Levite status other than through patrilineal descent.
Accounts of the Gokturk and Khazar khaganates suggest that the Ashina clan was accorded SACRED, perhaps QUASI-DIVINE STATUS in the shamanic religion practiced by the steppe nomads of the first millennium CE /The pagan Turks believed that their Ashina Qaghans ruled by virtue of heavenly mandated charisma (QUT). Since their blood could not be shed, dethroned Qaghans were strangled with a silk cord. The investiture ceremonies of the Ashina Turks and Khazar Qaghans included ritual near-strangulation. As THIS CHARISMA (QUT) RESIDED IN THE ENTIRE ROYAL CLAN, the latter exercised a collective sovereignty over their realms resulting in frequent succession struggles/. http://au.encarta.msn.com
Originally, the Khazars practiced traditional Turkic shamanism, focused on the sky godTengri, but were heavily influenced by Confucian ideas imported from China, notably that of the Mandate of Heaven. The Ashina clan were considered to be the chosen of Tengri and the kaghan was the incarnation of the favor the sky-god bestowed on the Turks. A kaghan who failed had clearly lost the god's favor and was typically ritually executed. Historians have sometimes wondered, only half in jest, whether the Khazar tendency to occasionally execute their rulers on religious grounds led those rulers to seek out other religions. The Khazars worshipped a number of deities subordinate to Tengri, including the fertility goddessUmay, Kuara, a thunder god, and Erlik, the god of death.
The Krupa family leads research of the ASHINA KHAZAR Ancestory and runs the ROYAL ASHINA DYNASTY DNA PROJECT. Supreme Templar Grand Master, Freddy Krupa, Shamanic Prince of Itil, has written an e-book about the ROYAL ASHINA KHAZAR BEG Y- DNA LINK OF the KRUPA family of Croatia. It has been recognised by both, scientific circles, and Shamans. Seventy-seven year old Shaman/Kam Emelye Ulubayan claimed that spirits of elders/begs of Khazaria during her lucid dreaming, recognized the Krupa family as descents of Obadiah, King of Khazars, and that they called Freddy Krupa Prince of Itil. Mladen Krupa, Freddy’s father is the oldest member of the family and has been recognized as the one that has the shamanic gift. For scientific information, read about IGENEA.
The family is also recognized as the Dragon Princess by the Imperial and Royal Dragon Court of the House of Vere of Anjou, excersing prerogatives given to IRDC in royal warrant of the house Habsburg-Toskana in 1994. The Krupa de Tarnawa genetic tree, turns out to be, the one of late Stanley Goldfoot (Eliezer Ben Yisrael), Head of Intelligence for the Stern Group and founder of The Times of Israel.
"This family DNA data also shows the descent from the original Levites, the so-called "Babylonian Levites" through frequent intermarriages with the Khazar royals. The Tarnawa-de Vere von Drakenberg and Tarnawa-Krupa de Vere von Drakenberg families, now amalgated, are descended from the same Ha'Melech dynasty." Dragon Cede,pg.79
http://ashinaroyaldynasty.blogspot.com/